Indium-free silicon heterojunction battery

Is indium a problem for heterojunction solar cells?

Nonetheless, the indium contained in ITO is a rare metal with limited reserves and mining capacity, resulting in higher production costs . This poses a significant hurdle to the future expansion of heterojunction solar cell industry.

How to reduce indium consumption in high efficiency silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells?

Reducing indium consumption has received increasing attention in contact schemes of high efficiency silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. It is imperative to discover suitable, low-cost, and resource-abundant transparent electrodes to replace the conventional, resource-scarce indium-based transparent electrodes.

Are silicon heterojunction solar cells efficient?

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells are recognized as one of the most efficient architectures in silicon-based photovoltaic devices. However, the reliance on indium (In)-based transparent conductive oxides (TCO) is anticipated to constrain their production capacity due to the critical and economically volatile nature of In.

Are TTO films suitable for indium-free SHJ solar cells?

In summary, this work underscores the critical importance of selecting suitable TCO materials and matched nc-Si:H in the development of indium-free SHJ solar cells. Here, TTO was selected as indium-free TCO, and the TTO films prepared at low-temperature (≤ 200 °C) was first applied as transparent electrodes in SHJ solar cells.

Can tantalum doped Sno 2 be used for indium-free SHJ solar cells?

In this work, tantalum doped SnO 2 (TTO) prepared by magnetron sputtering at low-temperature (≤ 200 °C) combined with hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) were applied to SHJ solar cells to fabricate efficient indium-free SHJ solar cells.

How to avoid the use of indium in solar cells?

To avoid the use of indium, basic strategies include: (a) developing TCO-free SHJ solar cells; (b) using indium-free TCO materials such as aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) , , which has attracted much attention.